FICTION
Carter, Margaret L. Shadow of a Shade: a Survey of Vampirism in Literature. New York: Gordon Press, 1975.
Carter, Margaret L. The Vampire in Literature: a Critical Bibliography. Studies in speculative fiction, 21. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press, 1989.
Cox, Greg. The Transylvanian Library: a Consumer's Guide to Vampire Fiction. ed. Daryl F. Mallett. San Bernardino, CA: Borgo Press, 1993.
Annotated bibliography of campire fiction in a somewhat confusing chronological order by author. Though the copyright date is 1993, the work only covers publications through 1989.
Greenberg, Martin H., ed. A Taste for Blood. New York: Dorset Press, 1992.
Includes Sheridan Le Fanu "Carmilla," Hugh B. Cave "Murgunstrumm," Robert E. Howard "The Hills of the Dead," C.L. Moore "Black Thirst," H.P. Lovecraft "The Shunned House," John Metcalfe "The Feasting Dead," Robert Aickman "Pages from a Young Girl's Journal," Karl Edward Wagner "Beyond Any Measure," Dan Simmons "Carrion Comfort," Robert Bloch "The Yougoslaves," Tanith Lee "Bite-Me-Not, or, Fleur de Fur," Thomas Ligotti "The Lost Art of Twilight," Patrick McGrath "Blood Disease," F. Paul Wilson "Midnight Mass," Clive Barker "Son of Celluloid."
Liebman, Arthur. Tales of Horror and the Supernatural: the Occult in Literature. New York: Rosen Press, 1975.
Introduction to vampire section "A Variety of Vampires" discusses vampires in other-than-Western cultures and the history of vampires in Western literature. Includes John Polidori "The Vampyre" (p.124-144), E. F. Benson "Mrs. Amworth" (p.145-160), Sir Arthur Conan Doyle "The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire" (p.160-177).
McNally, Raymond T., ed. A Clutch of Vampires. New York: Warner Paperback Library, 1975.
Anthology of essays and short stories.
Moore, Steven, ed. The Vampire in Verse: an Anthology. New York: Dracula Press, 1985.
Nesvadba, Josef. Vampires Ltd.: Stories of Science and Fantasy. Artia pocket books. Prague: Artia, 1964.
Parry, Michel, ed. The Rivals of Dracula: a Century of Vampire Fiction. London: Corgi, 1977.
Includes Ramsey Campbell "Conversion," Anonymous "The Mysterious Stranger," Frederick Cowles "The Vampire of Kaldenstein," Jean Ray "The Guardian of the Cemetary," M.R. James "Count Magnus," E. & H. Heron "The Story of Baelbrow, " E. Everett Evans "the Undead Die," Manly Wade Wellman "The Horror Undying," Robert Block "The Bat is My Brother," Charles Beaumont "Blood Brother," David Drake "Something Had To Be Done," Steven Utley "Night Life."
Ryan, Alan, ed. The Penguin Book of Vampire Stories. London: Penguin Books, 1988.
Includes George Gordon, Lord Byron "Fragment of a Novel," John Polidori "The Vampyre," James Malcolm Rymer excerpt from "Varney the Vampyre, or, the Feast of Blood," Anonymous "The Mysterious Stranger," Sheridan Le Fanu "Carmilla," Mary Elizabeth Braddon "Good Lady Ducayne," Bram Stoker "Dracula's Guest," Mary E. Wilkins-Freeman "Luella Miller," F. Marion Crawford "For the Blood is The Life," Algernon Blackwood "The Transfer," E.F. Benson "The Room in the Tower," M.R. James "An Episode of Cathedral History," Clark Ashton Smith "A Rendevous in Averoigne," C.L. Moore "Shambleau," Carl Jacobi "Revelations in Black," Manly Wade Wellman "School for the Unspeakable," August Derleth "Drifting Snow," P. Schuyler Miller "Over the River," Fritz Leiber "The Girl With the Hungry Eyes," C.M. Kornbluth "The Mindworm," Richard Matheson "Drink My Blood, " Charles Beaumont "Place of Meeting," Robert Bloch "The Living Dead," Robert Aikman "Pages From a Young Girl's Journal," R. Chetwynd-Hayes "The Werewolf and the Vampire," Charles L. Grant "Love-Starved," Chelsea Quinn Yarbro "Cabin 33," Suzy McKee Charnas "Unicorn Tapestry," Alan Ryan "Following the Way," Ramsey Campbell "The Sunshine Club," Steve Rasnic Tem "The Men & Women of Rivendale," Tanith Lee "Bite-Me-Not, or, Fleur de Feu." Also includes short appendices of vampire novels and movies.
Shepard, Leslie, ed. The Dracula Book of Great Vampire Stories. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press, 1977.
Includes Sheridan Le Fanu "Carmilla," Guy de Maupassant "The Horla," Count Stenbock "The Sad Story of a Vampire," Mary Elizabeth Braddon "Good Lady Ducayne," F. G. Loring "The Tomb of Sarah," F. Marion Crawford "For The Blood Is the Life," E. F. Benson "The Room in the Tower," Algernon Blackwood "The Transfer," Bram Stoker "Dracula's Guest," Jan Neruda "The Vampire," E. F. Benson "Mrs. Amworth," Victor Roman "Four Wooden Stakes," Dr. Franz Hartmann "An Authenticated Vampire Story."
Weinberg, Robert, ed. Weird Vampire Tales. New York: Gramercy Books, 1992.
Includes Seabury Quinn "the Man Who Cast No Shadow," Bassett Morgan "The Wolf Woman," Everil Worrell "The Canal, " Clark Ashton Smith "A Rendevous in Averoigne," Kirk Mashburn "Placide's Wife," Robert E. Howard "The Horror From the Mound," Edmond Hamilton (Hugh Davidson) "Vampire Village," Carl Jacobi "Revelations in Black," C.L. Moore "Shambleau," J. Wesley Rosenquist "Return to Death," Lloyd Arthur Eshbach "Isle of the Undead," Earl Pierce, Jr. "Doom of the House of Duryea," Henry Kuttner "I, the Vampire," Robert Barbour Johnson "The Silver Coffin," Lester del Rey "Cross of Fire," Frank Belknap Long and Otis Adelbert Kline "Return of the Undead," Greye La Spina "The Antimacassar, "A. E. van Vogt "Asylum," Marion Brandon "The Dark Castle," Hugh B. Cave "Stragella," Raymond Whetstone "The Thirsty Dead," Arthur J. Burks "Murder Brides," Robert Bloch "The Cloak," Manly Wade Wellman "When it Was Moonlight," August Derlith "Who Shall I Say Is Calling?" William Tenn "She Only Goes Out At Night," Cyril M. Kornbluth "The Mindworm," Jerome Bixby and Joe E. Dean "Share Alike," Joe L. Hensley "And Not Quite Human," Charles Beaumont "Place of Meeting."
Youngson, Jeanne, ed. The Count Dracula Book of Classic Vampire Tales. Chicago: Adams Press, 1981.
Youngson, Jeanne, ed. The Count Dracula Fan Club Book of Vampire Stories. Count Dracula Fan Club publication, 5. Chicago: Adams Press, 1980.
1. Editions
Dalby, Richard. Bram Stocker: a Bibliography of First Editions. London: Dracula Press, 1983.
Stoker, Bram. Dracula. Introduction by Anthony Boucher. The Collector's library of famous editions. Norwalk, CT.: Easton Press, 1965.
Stoker, Bram. The Essential Dracula: the Definitive Annotated Edition of Bram Stoker's Classic Novel. New York: Plume, 1993.
The complete text of Bram Stoker's original novel, fully annotated with facts and legends about Dracula, Transylvania, and vampires. Also includes a history of the Dracula myth, a select filmography, and some illustrations. Earlier edition (1975) was criticized by Florescu and McNally for failing to make use of Stoker's working notes.
Stoker, Bram. The Lair of the White Worm. London: Jarrold, 1966.
Another story with a vampiric theme from Stoker. In 1988 Ken Russell directed a film version of the tale.
Stoker, Bram. Shades of Dracula: Bram Stoker's Uncollected Stories. Haining, Peter, ed. London: W. Kimber, 1982.
2. Criticism and Biography
Bierman, Joseph S. "The Genesis and Dating of Dracula from Bram Stoker's Working Notes." Notes and Queries N.S. 24, 1 (Feb. 1977): 39-41.
Dating of Dracula from manuscripts held in the Rosenbach Foundation, Philadelphi
Byers, Thomas B. "Good Men and Monsters: the Defenses of Dracula." Literature and psychology 31, 4 (1981): 24-31.
Female and male dependency in Dracula and Dracula as a male fantasy/myth
Carter, Margaret L., ed. Dracula: the Vampire and the Critics. Studies in speculative fiction, no. 19. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1988.
Collection of essays on Bram Stiker and Dracula. Includes some of the essays included in the present bibliography.
Craft, Christopher. "Kiss Me with Those Red Lips: Gender and Inversion in Bram Stoker's Dracula." Representations , 8 (Fall 1984): 107-133.
Articulation of vampire metaphor in Dracula and the equivocal relationship between desire and gender
Fry, Carrol L. "Fictional Conventions and Sexuality in Dracula." The Victorian Newsletter , 42 (Fall 1972): 20-22.
Latent sexuality and melodramatic effects in Dracula achieved through manipulation of conventional Victorian character types [the pure woman, the gothic villain].
Griffin, Gail B. ""Your Girls that You All Love Are Mine": Dracula and the Victorian Male Sexual Imagination." International Journal of Women's Studies 3, 5 (Sept./Oct. 1980): 454-465.
Sexulatiy of Dracula's victims and the fight to save Mina from their fate.
Haining, Peter. The Dracula Centenary Book. London: Souvenir Press, 1987.
Haining, Peter. The Dracula Scrapbook: Articles, Essays, Letters, Newspaper Cuttings, Anecdotes, Illustrations, Photographs and Memorabilia About the Vampire Legend. London: New English Library, 1976.
At first glance a history of vampire movies. Includes a wealth of information about the historical Dracula, the folklore vampire, and vampires in literature.
Hennelly, Mark M., Jr. "Dracula: the Gnostic Quest and Victorian Wasteland." English Literature in Transition, 1880-1920 20, 1 (1977): 13-26.
Dracula as a reflection of the socio-political transition from the 19th to the 20th century.
Johnson, Alan P. "Dual Life: The Status of Women in Stoker's Dracula." Tennessee Studies in Literature 27 (1984): 20-39.
Examination of Dracula focusing on the roll of his two female victims, Mina Harker and Lucy Westenra.
Leatherdale, Clive, ed. The Origins of Dracula: the Background to Bram Stoker's Gothic Masterpiece. London: Kimber, 1987.
Lidston, Robert. "Dracula and Salem's Lot: Why the Monsters Won't Die." West Virginia University Philological Papers 28 (1982): 70-78.
Comparison of Dracula and Salem's Lot in an effort to discover what allows a mediocre work to endure.
Ludlam, Harry. A Biography of Dracula: the Life Story of Bram Stoker. London, Fireside Press.
Somewhat dated, but comprehensive biography of Bram Stoker.
Nandris, Grigore. "The Historical Dracula: the Theme of His Legend in the Western and in the Eastern Literatures of Europe." Comparative Literature Studies 3, 4 (1966): 365- 396.
Historical background to Dracula with reference to the historical Dracula, folklore, and the spychological significance of the theme in Western literatur
Oinas, Felix. "East European Vampires & Dracula." Journal of Popular Culture 16, 1 (Summer 1982): 108-116.
Discussion on slavic vampires and the historical Dracula and their influence on Bram Stoker's Dracula.
Roth, Phyllis A. Bram Stoker. Twayne's English authors series, TEAS 343. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1982.
Scholarly biography of Bram Stoker which makes use of his working notes housed at the Rosenbach Foundation in Philadelphia
Roth, Phyllis A. "Suddenly Sexual Women in Bram Stoker's Dracula." Literature and psychology 27, 3 (1977): 113-121.
Hypothesis that Dracula's popularity in the 19th century is derived from its hostility toward female sexuality. Summary of interpretations of Dracula, especially its oedipal focus.
Senf, Carol A. "Dracula: the Unseen Face in the Mirror." The Journal of Narrative Technique 9, 3 (Fall 1979): 160-170.
Interpretation of Dracula as an examination of similarities between good and evil. Stoker's narrative technique and the reliability of his narrators.
Stevenson, John Allen. "A Vampire in the Mirror: the Sexuality of Dracula." Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 103, 2 (Mar. 1988): 139-149.
Sexual competition in Dracula from an anthropological perspective as an anti-incenstuous, rather than Freudian, model of human desire.
Weissman, Judith. "Women and Vampires: Dracula as a Victorian Novel." The Midwest Quarterly: a journal of contemporary thought 18, 4 (July 1977): 392-405.
Stoker's anxieties about women's sexuality reflected in Dracula's female characters
Burton, Richard F., trans. Vikram and the Vampire, or Tales of Hindu Devilry. Thornhill: Tynron, 1989.
Dalby, Richard, ed. Dracula's Brood: Rare Vampire Stories by Friends and Contemporaries of Bram Stoker. Wellingborough: Crucible, 1987.
Kipling, Rudyard. The Vampire, and Other Poems. Little masterpieces. New York: Dodge Publishing Co., 19--.
Menville, Douglas, ed. The Spectre Bridegroom and Other Horrors. Supernatural and occult fiction. New York: Arno Press, 1976.
Anthology of supernatural and occult fiction from the 19th century. Includes Smyth Upton's The Last of the Vampires, a Tale.
Polidori, John William. The Vampyre, 1819. Revolution and romanticism, 1789-1834. Oxford, England: Woodstock Books, 1990.
Varney the Vampire: Or the Feast of Blood. Presumed authorship by James Malcolm Rymer or Thomas Peckett Prest. Reprint London 1840, 1847. New York: Dover Publications, 1972.
Early serialized [in more than 200 installments] vampire tale. Has never achieved the popularity of Bram Stoker's Dracula.
Carter, Angela. Come Unto These Yellow Sands. Newcastle upon Tyne: Bloodaxe, 1985.
Charnas, Suzy McKee. The Vampire Tapestry. New York: Tor Books, 1986.
Story of a vampire's effect on other people's lives. Vampire in the book is a separate species (i.e. was never human).
Dillard, Jewelle. Bloodthirst. New York: Pocket Books, 1987.
Star Trek novel about a virus that turns those exposed to it into vampires.
Gomez, Jewelle. The Gilda Stories. New York: Firebrand Books, 1991.
Story about a black, lesbian vampire. Narrative follows Gilda from 1850 to the 21st century.
Harrison, Harry. Bill, the Galactic Hero, on the Planet of Zombie Vampires. London: Victor Gollancz, 1992.
Herter, Lori. Obsession. New York: Berkley Romance, 1991.
Romance novel with a vampire as the romantic hero. A sequel, Possession, was published in 1992.
King, Stephen. Salem's Lot. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1975.
Lumley, Brian.
- Necroscope. New York: T. Doherty, 1988.
- Necroscope II: Wamphyril. London: Grafton, 1988.
- Necroscope III: The Source. London: Grafton, 1989.
- Necroscope IV: Deadspeak. New York T. Doherty, 1990.
- Necroscope V: Deadspawn.
New York: T. Doherty, 1991.
In the Balkan mountains, Dragosani, the master vampire's human tool, works toward world domination. His only opponent is Harry Keogh, champion of the dead and the living...
Powers, Tim. Dinner at Deviant's Place. New York: Ace Books, 1985.
Set in post-apocalyptic California, includes creatures called "Hemogoblins" that attach themselves to open wounds, expand, and take on human shape and a reddish color.
Rice, Anne.
- Interview with the Vampire. New York: Ballantine Books, 1976.
- The Vampire Lestat. New York: Ballantine Books, 1985.
- The Queen of the Damned. New York: Ballantine Books, 1988.
- The Tale of the Body
Thief. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992.
While not solely responsible for the popularity of vampires in recent years, the publication of Anne Rice's Interview with the Vampire has certainly contributed to the glamorization of the vampire myth. These four works form the Vampire Chronicles.
Romkey, Michael. I, Vampire. New York: Ballantine Books, 1990.
Journal of a man's transformation from wealthy Chicago WASP to a sophisticated vampire.
Simmons, Dan. Carrion Comfort. Arlington Heights, IL: Dark Harvest, 1989.
Features psychic vampires who feed on human emotions.
Stableford, John. Empire of Fear. New York: Carro & Graf, 1991.
Alternate history novel set in 1623. Attila the Hun, Richard the Lionheart, and the Pope are all vampires...
Steakley, John. Vampire$. New York: Roc, 1990.
The story of a small firm, Vampire$, Inc., that hunts and destroys vampires for a living. The group travels around the world, also acting as secret agents for the Pope.
Stewart, Desmond. The Vampire of Mons. New York: Harper & Row, 1976.
Wilson, Colin. The Space Vampires. 1st ed. New York: Random House, 1976.
Yarbo, Chelsea Quinn.
- Blood Games. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1979.
- A Candle for D'Artagnan. New York: Tor Horror, 1989.
- Crusader's Torch. New York: Tor Horror, 1988.
- Darker Jewels. New York: Tor, 1993
- A Flame in Byzantium. New York: Tor, 1987.
- Hotel Transylvania. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1978.
Several of the novels in Chelsea Quinn Yarbro's Saint-Germain series, loosley based on the historical figure.
Alai, Susan. "Writer's Dark Tales Inspire Professor to Tell Her Story." Chicago Tribune. Dec. 29, 1991, 62.
Interview with Katherine Ramsland, author of Prism of the Night: A Biography of Anne Rice.
Bhalla, Alok. Politics of Atrocity and Lust: the Vampire Tale as a Nightmare History of England in the Nineteenth Century. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1990.
Carter, Margaret L. Spectre of Delusion?: the Supernatural in Gothic Fiction. Studies in speculative fiction, 15. Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI Research Press, 1987.
Corrigan, Patricia. "Fun and Gore in Edifying Vampire Stories." St. Louis Post- Dispatch. Oct. 29, 1989, F5.
Favorable reviews of Ellen Datlow--Blood Is Not Enough [anthology], Norine Dresser--American Vampires, Douglas Myles--Prince Dracula [biography], and Barbara Hambly-- Those Who Hunt the Night [fiction].
Docherty, Brian, ed. American Horror Fiction: from Brockden Brown to Stephen King. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1990.
Ferraro, Susan. "Novels You Can Sink Your Teeth Into." New York Times Magazine. Oct. 14, 1990, 26-28, 67, 74-77.
Long interview with Anne Rice and examination of her Vampire Chronicles.
Gladwell, Olivia, ed. Blood and Roses: the Vampire in 19th Century Literature. London: Creation Press, 1992.
Gordon, Joan. "Rehabilitating Revenants, or Sympathetic Vampires in Recent Fiction." Extrapolation 29, 3 (Fall 1988): 227-234.
Examination of sympathetic vampires in fiction published since 1980.
Gross, Louis S. Redefining the American Gothic; from Wieland to Day of the Dead. Studies in Speculative Fiction, 20. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press, 1989.
Grudin, Peter D. The Demon-Lover: the Theme of Demoniality in English and Continental Fiction of the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries. Harvard dissertations in comparative literature. New York: Garland, 1987.
Hollinger, Veronica. "The Vampire and the Alien: Variations on the Outsider." Science Fiction Studies 16, 2 (July 1989): 145-160.
The vampire archetype in science-fiction literature, concentrating on Colin Wilson's The Space Vampires and Jody Scott's I, Vampire.
Kendrick, Walter. "Better Undead Than Unread: Have Vampires Lost Their Bite?" New York Times Book Review. Oct. 18, 1992, 55.
Unfavourable reviews of Anne Rice's Tale of the Body Thief, Manuela Dunn Mascetti's Vampire: the Complete Guide to the World of the Undead, and Ellen Datlow's anthology A Whisper of Blood.
Kerr, Howard, ed. The Haunted Dusk: American Supernatural Fiction, 1820-1920. Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 1983.
MacAndrew, Elizabeth. The Gothic Tradition in Fiction. New York: Columbia University Press, 1979.
MacDonald, David Lorne. Poor Polidori: a Critical Biography of the Author of The Vampyre. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991.
Radstone, Susannah, ed. Sweet Dreams: Sexuality, Gender and Popular Fiction. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1988.
Ramsland, Katherine M. Prism of the Night: a Biography of Anne Rice. New York: Plume, 1992.
Reed, Tony. Demon-Lovers and Their Victims in British Fiction. Lexinton, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky, 1988.
Robert Tracy. "Loving You All Ways: Vamps, Vampires, Necrophiles and Necrofilles in Nineteenth-Century Fiction" in Sex and Death in Victorian Literature, edited by Barreca, Regina_. pp. 32-59. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990.
Roberts, Bette B. "Varney, the Vampir; or, Rather, Varney, the Victim." Gothic 2 (1987): 1-5.
Critical examination of Varney and its differences from other, more popular, 19th century vampire tales.
Rudin, Seymour. "The Urban Gothic: from Transylvania to the South Bronx." Extrapolation 25, 2 (Sum. 1984): 115-126.
Gothic influence on modern monsters with specific refernce to recent fiction and film.
Senf, Carol A. "Brides of Dracula: From Novel to Film." Studies in Popular Culture 7 (1984): 64-71.
Senf, Carol A. "Polidori's The Vampyre: Combining the Gothic with Realism." North Dakota Quarterly 56, 1 (Winter 1988): 197-208.
The Vampyre as a precursor to 19th century realism in its combination of gothic themes with details from ordinary life.
Senf, Carol A. The Vampire in Nineteenth-Century English Literature. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1988.
Staicar, Tom, ed. The Feminine Eye: Science Fiction and the Women Who Write It. Recognitions. New York: F. Ungar Pub. Co., 1982.
Includes articles on C.L. Moore [author of Shambleau] and Suzy McKee Charnas' Vampire Tapestry.
Stott, Rebecca. The Fabrication of the Late-Victorian Femme Fatale: the Kiss of Death. Women's studies at York/ Macmillan series. Houndmills: Macmillan Press, 1992.
Summers, Montague. The Gothic Quest: a History of the Gothic Novel. New York: Russell & Russell, 1964.
Twitchell, James B. The Living Dead: a Study of the Vampire in Romantic Literature. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1981.
Whitehead, Gwendolyn. "The Vampire in Ninteenth Century Literature." The University of Mississippi Studies in English N.S. 8 (1990): 243-248.
Discussion of vampires in 19th century literature from Coleridge's "Christabel" (1798) to Stoker's Dracula.
Adams, Kenneth Alan. "Family and Fantasy: Dread of the Female and the Narcissistic Ethos in American Culture." Brandeis, 1980.
Brandon, Clare Therese. "Charles Nodier and Deviant Romanticism." Fordham University, 1980.
Coats, Daryl R. "The Devil is Loose in London Somewhere: Five Supernatural Figures in the Works of Charles Dickens." University of Mississippi, 1986.
Desmarais, James Joseph. "An Historical and Descriptive Study of the Cinematic Vampire from 1922 through 1974." California State University at Fullerton, 1975.
Engelhardt, Carol Marie. "Vampire in the Bedroom: the Representation of Women in Victorian Fiction and Social Theory." Washington University, 1990.
Romer, Richard Ira. "The Cinematic Treatment of Protagonists in Murnau's Nosferatu, Browning's Dracula and Whale's Frankenstein." Columbia University, 1984.
Senf, Carol Ann. "Daughters of Lillith: an Analysis of the Vampire Motif in Nineteenth Century Literature." State University of New York, 1979.
Stott, Rebecca. "The Kiss of Death: a Demystification of the Late Nineteenth Century Femme Fatale in the Selected works of Bram Stoker, Rider Haggard, Joseph Conrad and Thomas Hardy." University of York, 1989.
Sutherland Rebecca Jean. "Dancing with the Devil: the Vampire Motif in Selected 19th Century Literature." Northeast Missouri State University, 1989.
Thornburg, Thomas R. "The Questor and the Castle: the Gothic Novel as Myth, with Special Reference to Bram Stoker's Dracula." Ball State University, 1970.
Warren, John Frank. "An Investigation of Children's Beliefs in Transcendent Figures." Duke University, 1980.